Acid subsoils
Many Western Cape vineyard soils are acidic below the cultivated layer, and roots stop where the acidity starts. Surface lime takes years to get there, so the best chance to correct it is before planting, when lime can be worked in deep.
Potassium and juice pH
Too much potassium in the vine raises juice pH and costs the winemaker acidity. We track K in the soil and the petioles and apply what the vine needs — not what a programme template says.
Nitrogen and vigour
Enough nitrogen for a healthy canopy and enough yeast-available nitrogen in the must; too much brings excess vigour, shaded bunches and more rot. Timing matters as much as the amount.
Magnesium and K:Mg balance
On sandy and acid soils magnesium runs short, and heavy potassium makes it worse. The ratio between them often explains a block better than either number alone.
Boron and zinc at flowering
Small amounts with a large effect on fruit set and berry size. Leaf analysis at bloom shows whether they are limiting before it costs the crop.
Variable blocks
Vigour maps from satellite imagery show where a block differs, so sampling targets the difference and harvest can be split by zone where the winemaker wants it.